skripsi on journey
` A Syntactic Analysis by Using Tree Diagram in
Archiphelago Coloumn at Jakarta Post
A Paper
Submitted to the School of
Foreign Language – JIA as A Partial Fulfillment of Requirments for the Degree
of Undergraduate Program in English Department
SYAFRUDIN
043131.51103.021
ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF
FOREIGN LANGUANGES
- JIA
BEKASI
2014
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A .The Background of The Research
By
the end of the twentieth century English was already well on its way to
becoming a guniene lingua franca, that is a language used widely for
communication between people who do not share the same first( or even second)
language.there are a number of factors which have ensured the widespread use of
English.such as colonial, history,economic, information exchange,travel,
popular culture.Knowing a language
includes the ability to construct phrase and sentences out of morphemes and
words.the part of the grammar that represent a speaker knowledge of these
structure and their formation called
syntax.
There
of , people must be familiar about the language itself and each element in it,
such as vocabulary,structure,pronunciation and so on. Beside, language has
rules which involve word structure(morphology), grammar and sentences
structure(syntax).
You
now have the tools you need to start drawing trees.you have the rules, and you
have the parts of speech. I suspect that you will find drawing trees much more
difficult thya you expect . it takes a lot of practice to know which rules to
apply and apply them consistently and accurately to a sentences. You won’t be able to draw trees easily until you
literally do dozens of them. Drawing syntatic trees is a learned skill that
needs lots of practice,just like learning to play the piano.
There
are actually two ways to go about drawing a tree. You can start at the bottom
and work your way up to the S and work your way down. Which technique you use
depends on your individual style . for
most people who are just starting out,starting at the bottom of the tree with
the words works best. When you become more practiced and experienced you may
find starting at the top quicker,below, i give step by step instructions for
both of these techniques. Every sentence of english and every human language
can be repsented by a phrase structure tree that explecity reveals these
properties.
To
more understand about the part of speech by using tree diagram, the writer take
some passage at coloumn in Jakarta Post. The reason why the writer use the passage
at coloumn in Jakarta Post, because it is always related our reading
everyday. It is the essensial of language using.
Sometime,
we get mixed up when we analysis the english passage and get misunderstanding
about the structure. Those factors above made the writer take the title `”
An Syntactic Analysis by Using Tree Diagram in Archiphelago Coloumn at Jakarta
Post ”
B.The
Scope of the Problem
In
the research ,the writer limits this problem to focus on the structure of the
language at coloumn in Jakarta Post by using
tree diagram syntaxtically
C.The
question of research
1.
What Steps Must Be Arranged To Prepare
Tree Diagram Analysis?
2.
How To Create Tree Diagram Correctly?
3.
Are There Any Benefit Of Labelling And
Bracketing In Tree Diagram Creation?
D.The
Objective Of Research
1.
Knowing steps to how prepare tree
diagram
2.
Creat tree diagram correctly
3.
To identify the declarative sentence by
using tree diagram
E.The
Significance Of The Research
1. For
the writer
As
one of english students, the writer get challenge to explore the language and
understand a part of speech in english by using tree diagram. Of course, more
familiar with the term of linguistics.
2. For
the reader
The
writer wish this research can give contribution and inspiration for the reader
and this research encrich study on linguistic especially for syntax term by
using tree diagram.
F.The
Systematic of the Paper
The
systematic of the paper means to present the paper in well edited composition.
This paper is devided into five chapter as follows:
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
This
chapterexplains about the background of the research,the scope of problem,the
question of research, the objective of the research,significiance of the
research, and the systematic of the paper.
CHAPTER
II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
This
chapter explains about the definition of newspaper , the difinition of tree
diagram,constitutes structure, the defenition of the parts of speech.
CHAPTER
III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
This
chapter explains about setting of the research,subject of the research,methode
of the research, instrument of the research, technique of data analysis and
procedure of the research.
CHAPTER
IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This
chapter explain about the data description, the data analysis,and the data
interpretation and the discussion.
CHAPTER
V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This
chapter explains about conclusion from all chapter and some suggestions.
BAB II
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A.Syntax
According to Matthews (1981:1), the term syntax is
derived from the ancient Greek word syntaxis , a noun which literally means
arrangement or setting out together words into phrases, or clauses and phrases
or clauses into sentences.
Moreover,
Onion (1971:23) said that the term syntax means arranging together (from the
word: syn together and taxis an arrangement ) and the name is given to the part
of grammar which treats the ways in which words are arranged together in
sentences and of the function they perform. In Oxford Advanced Learner s
Dictionary (1995:1212) syntax is defined as the rule of grammar for the
arrangement of words into phrases and of phrases into sentences . While in Webster
(1988:1359), syntax is defined as a branch of linguistics which studies the
arrangement of and relationship among words, phrases and clauses forming sentences.
Bornstein (1977:246) explained that syntax is the
processes by which wordsand grammatical categories are combined to form phrase,
clause and sentences in language. Then, Chomsky (1966:1) said that syntax is
the study of the principles and process by which sentences are constructed in
particular languages. A linguistics level such as phonemics, morphology, phrase
structure is essentially a set of descriptive devices which are made available
for the constructions ofgrammars, it constitute a certain method for
representing utterances.
Curme (1931:1) said that syntax treats of the
relations of words or groups of words to one another in sentences. It is the
set of principles, or constructive ruler, according to which words are combined
into sentences in language. Meanwhile, Crystal (1987:94) defined that syntax is
the way in which words are arranged to show relationship of meaning within (and
sometimes between) sentences. The term comes from syntactic studies have
focused on sentence structure where the most important grammatical relationship
are expressed.
Yule (1985:80) stated that if concentrating on the
structure and ordering of
components
within a sentence, we are studying what is technically known as
syntax
of language. The word syntax came originally from Greek and literally
meant
a setting and together or arrangement .
Moreover, Frederick (1997:70) explained that the
discursion of syntax like
the
much longer and controversial discursion of phonology is grounded in an essentially
polemical stance: the insistence that a simple parse of the surface string and
the organization of its elements into steadily more inclusive hierarchical grouping,
will never suffice to achieve insightful analysis.
Later Latif (1995:23) defined, A phrase or a
sentence is always made from
the
words arranged by a particular rule . That is why we must know exactly the classification
of words being used the connections of meaning within sentence are showed by
the order of words . By knowing the classification of words, we can properly
arrange sentence that can show us the meaning of the arrangement. Herman and
Haegeman (1989:3) said that syntax or syntactic analysis maybe defined as: (a) determining the relevant
component parts of the sentence, (b) describing these parts grammatically. The
component parts of a sentence are called constituent. In other words, Matthews
(1974:154) explained that syntax is
concerned
with their external functions and their relationship to other word within the
sentence. Also, Laurel (2000:167) stated that the study of syntax is the analysis
of the constituent parts of a sentence: their form, positioning, and function.
Constituents are the proper subparts of sentence. From the definitions above,
the researcher concludes that syntax is a branch of linguistics which is very
important to be used in analyzing a sentence. By using syntactic analysis, we
can know the sentence patterns of the sentence such as N, VP, V, DET, and AUX.
Therefore, it can be concluded that syntax is the science which studies about
the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses forming
sentences or larger constructions based on grammatical rules.
B.Constituent Structure
R.L. trask stated (2007: 52) a type of hierarchical grammatical structure
in a sentence. Consider the sentence: The little girl washed her doll.
In the view of most linguists, this consists of two pieces, or grammatical
units: the little girl and washed her doll.
The first of these in turn consists of the plus little girl, and this last consists of little plus girl. The second likewise
consists of washed plus
her doll; of these, the first
consists of wash plus
-ed and the second of her plus doll. This is the sort of
grammatical (syntactic) structure exhibited by all sentences in English and in most
other languages, and we call it constituent structure. Constituent structure is
hierarchical: a sentence consists of a couple of large pieces, each of which consists
of some smaller pieces, each of which in turn consists of some still smaller
pieces, and so on, until we reach the smallest pieces of all, the words or
morphemes. And every one of these pieces is a constituent of the sentence. Moreover,
every constituent must belong to some particular syntactic category: that is,
the grammar of English (or of any language) allows only constituents belonging
to certain categories to be combined into certain larger categories. An attempt
at using a constituent of the wrong category produces an ungrammatical
result,
as in *The under the bed washed her doll (the
asterisk marks ungrammaticality).
C. A tree diagram
According
to David Crystal (1997 : 397) defines A two demensional diagram used in
generative grammar as a convenient means of displaying the internal
hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by a set of rules.the root of
tree diagram is at the top of diagram, concisting of the initial symbol “S”. From
this top most point, or node, branches descend corresponding to the categories
specified by the rules( e.g. NP,VP).
On
the other hand ,George Yule (2010 : 99) stated tree
diagrams is one of the most common ways to create a visual representation of
syntactic structure is through.We can use the
symbols introduced in Chapter 7 (Art=article,N = noun, NP = noun phrase) to label parts of
the tree as we try to capture the hierarchical
organization of those parts in the underlying structure of phrases and sentences. So, we can take the information in a labeled and
bracketed format, shown on the left, and
present it in a tree diagram, shown on the right.
D.
Hierarchical structure
According to
Fromklin(2007:94) Hierarchical structure is an essential property of
human language. Words (and sentences) have component parts, which relate to
each other in specific,rule-governed ways. Although at first glance it may seem
that, aside from order,the morphemes un- and -atic each relate to
the root system in the same way,this is not the case. The root system
is “closer” to -atic than it is to un-, and un- is
actually connected to the adjective systematic, and not directly to system.Indeed, *unsystem is not
a word.
E.Constituent
structure tree.
Fromklin and Rodman(2007:130) stated that tree
diagram with syntactic category information is called a phrase structure
tree or a constituent structure tree. This tree shows that a
sentence is both a linear string of words and a hierarchical structure
with phrases nested in phrases.Phrase structure trees (PS trees, for short) are
explicit graphic representations of a speaker’s knowledge of the
structure of the sentences of his language. PS trees represent three
aspects of a speaker’s syntactic knowledge:
1.
The
linear order of the words in the sentence
2.
The
identification of the syntactic categories of words and groups of words
3.
The
hierarchical structure of the syntactic categories (e.g., an S is composed
of
an NP followed by a VP.
F.
Labeled and bracketed
George Yule (2010: 244)
defined labeled and bracketed sentences is a type of analysis in
which constituents in a sentence are marked off by brackets with labels
describing each type of constituent.
G. Newspaper
A newspaper is a periodical publication
containing news regarding current events, informative articles, diverse
features, editorials, and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively
inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6,580 daily newspapers in the
world selling 395 million copies a day. The late 2000s-early 2010s global
recession, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a
serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or
sharply retrenched operations.
General-interest newspapers
typically publish stories on local and national political events and
personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports. Most
traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written
by an editor and columns that
express the personal opinions of writers. The newspaper is typically funded by
paid subscriptions and
advertising.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
OF RESEARCH
A. Subject of the Research
The
data source is this study is some coloumn in Jakarta Post on
December 2013 edition.
while the data of this study is some sentences that declarative sentences
in some rubrics as mentioned above. The researcher took Jakarta Post
Newspaper as the data source since in this newspaper there are many
sentences that suitable with the criteria of the research problems that
is negative and interrogative sentences. Moreover, the structures of the
sentences have different patterns so that the researcher wants to analyze
deeply about the syntactic patterns of the sentences.
B. Methode of the Research
Strauss and Corbin (1998:3) stated that
methode is a set of procedure and technique for gathering and analyzing data.
In this research, the writer needs a methode to make it easier especially in
analyzing and collecting the data. The collecting the data is very important.
The writer used the qualitative methode, where the data were collected non
exprimentally, in Jakarta Post. In addition qualitative methode can be used to
obtain the intercate details about phenomena such as feeling, thought process,
and emotions that are difficult to extract or learn about through more
conventional research methode.
Research
instrument is very important to obtain the result of the study. It is a set of
methods which is used to collect the data. In this study, the researcher is the
key instrument of this research because the researcher himself, who read the
data, obtained the data, selected and analyzed the data as well.
C. Instrument of the Research
The
research is dealing with the processof using noun and verb phrase. The research
design of this study is descriptive qualitative research, the main
instrumentsof this research is the reseacrcher himself as the key human
instrument.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
In
the research, the writer tries analysis the data by collecting some references
and books which are related to this paper. There some steps that the writer had
done to analyze the data:
1. Collecting
the data
First,the writer collect the references
aboun noun phrase from some references. The analysis uses some references which
related the diagram tree teory and phrase structure rule.
2. Selecting
the data
Second, after collecting the references,
the writer selects them
3. Identifying
the constituents structure in declarative sentence
Third, the writer reads the passage at
coloumn in jakarta post. Then the writer identyfiesnoun and verb phrase in this
newspaper
4. Classifying
Fourth, the data for the both phrase
will be analyzed from word to word. The writer divides them into two parts noun
phrase(NP) and verb phrase(VP) and then classified by using Tree Diagram
Theory.
5. Result
Finally, the writer analyzes the
constitute structure with making table to find the most occur at coloumn in
jakarta post and how many the pattern of constituents.
E. Procedure of the Research
In
this research the writer does some procedures as follow:
1. Preparation
a. Formulating
and limiting in the problem
b. Explaining
the purpose of the research, the methode of the research, and technique to
collect the data
c. Discussing
with the counselor
2. Implementation
a. Reading
the references and identifying the
constitutes structure of declarative sentences
b. Collecting
the data
c. Processing
and analyzing the data
3. Finishing
a. Composing
the analyzed data
b. Formulating
the problem
c. Concluding
the system
d. Discussing
with the counselor
e. Revising
the result
f. Concluding
the result
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